Serialize dict of lists, use dicts internally

There is a weird quirk in HTTP.  You can send the same header twice.
For this reason, headers are represented by a dict, with lists as the
values.  However, it appears that HTTPlib is completely incapable of
sending the same header twice.  This puts me in a weird position: I want
to be able to accurately represent HTTP headers in cassettes, but I
don't want the extra step of always having to do [0] in the general
case, i.e.  request.headers['key'][0]

In addition, some servers sometimes send the same header more than once,
and httplib *can* deal with this situation.

Futhermore, I wanted to keep the request and response cassette format as
similar as possible.

For this reason, in cassettes I keep a dict with lists as keys, but once
deserialized into VCR, I keep them as plain, naked dicts.

tests/unit/test_filters.py

@@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ def test_remove_headers():
     headers = {'hello': ['goodbye'], 'secret': ['header']}
     request = Request('GET', 'http://google.com', '', headers)
     _remove_headers(request, ['secret'])
-    assert request.headers == {'hello': ['goodbye']}
+    assert request.headers == {'hello': 'goodbye'}
 
 
 def test_remove_headers_empty():
-    headers = {'hello': ['goodbye'], 'secret': ['header']}
+    headers = {'hello': 'goodbye', 'secret': 'header'}
     request = Request('GET', 'http://google.com', '', headers)
     _remove_headers(request, [])
     assert request.headers == headers

tests/unit/test_request.py

@@ -11,16 +11,10 @@ def test_str():
 def test_headers():
     headers = {'X-Header1': ['h1'], 'X-Header2': 'h2'}
     req = Request('GET', 'http://go.com/', '', headers)
-    assert req.headers == {'X-Header1': ['h1'], 'X-Header2': ['h2']}
+    assert req.headers == {'X-Header1': 'h1', 'X-Header2': 'h2'}
 
     req.add_header('X-Header1', 'h11')
-    assert req.headers == {'X-Header1': ['h1', 'h11'], 'X-Header2': ['h2']}
+    assert req.headers == {'X-Header1': 'h11', 'X-Header2': 'h2'}
-
-
-def test_flat_headers_dict():
-    headers = {'X-Header1': ['h1', 'h11'], 'X-Header2': ['h2']}
-    req = Request('GET', 'http://go.com/', '', headers)
-    assert req.flat_headers_dict() == {'X-Header1': 'h1', 'X-Header2': 'h2'}
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize("uri, expected_port", [

vcr/request.py

@@ -2,6 +2,26 @@ from six.moves.urllib.parse import urlparse, parse_qsl
 
 
 class Request(object):
+    """
+    VCR's  representation of a request.
+
+    There is a weird quirk in HTTP.  You can send the same header twice.  For
+    this reason, headers are represented by a dict, with lists as the values.
+    However, it appears that HTTPlib is completely incapable of sending the
+    same header twice.  This puts me in a weird position: I want to be able to
+    accurately represent HTTP headers in cassettes, but I don't want the extra
+    step of always having to do [0] in the general case, i.e.
+    request.headers['key'][0]
+
+    In addition, some servers sometimes send the same header more than once,
+    and httplib *can* deal with this situation.
+
+    Futhermore, I wanted to keep the request and response cassette format as
+    similar as possible.
+
+    For this reason, in cassettes I keep a dict with lists as keys, but once
+    deserialized into VCR, I keep them as plain, naked dicts.
+    """
 
     def __init__(self, method, uri, body, headers):
         self.method = method
@@ -12,11 +32,11 @@ class Request(object):
             self.add_header(key, headers[key])
 
     def add_header(self, key, value):
-        value = list(value) if isinstance(value, (tuple, list)) else [value]
+        # see class docstring for an explanation
-        self.headers.setdefault(key, []).extend(value)
+        if isinstance(value, (tuple, list)):
-
+            self.headers[key] = value[0]
-    def flat_headers_dict(self):
+        else:
-        return dict((key, self.headers[key][0]) for key in self.headers)
+            self.headers[key] = value
 
     @property
     def scheme(self):
@@ -64,7 +84,7 @@ class Request(object):
             'method': self.method,
             'uri': self.uri,
             'body': self.body,
-            'headers': self.headers,
+            'headers': dict(((k, [v]) for k, v in self.headers.items())),
         }
 
     @classmethod

vcr/stubs/__init__.py

@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ class VCRConnection:
                 method=self._vcr_request.method,
                 url=self._url(self._vcr_request.uri),
                 body=self._vcr_request.body,
-                headers=self._vcr_request.flat_headers_dict(),
+                headers=self._vcr_request.headers,
             )
 
             # get the response