Fixes some tornado tests

.github/workflows/codespell.yml

@@ -17,6 +17,6 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
       - name: Checkout
-        uses: actions/checkout@v6
+        uses: actions/checkout@v5
       - name: Codespell
         uses: codespell-project/actions-codespell@v2

.github/workflows/docs.yml

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: "3.12"

.github/workflows/main.yml

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ jobs:
           - "pypy-3.11"
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
       - name: Install uv
         uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v7
 

.github/workflows/pre-commit-detect-outdated.yml

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ jobs:
     name: Detect outdated pre-commit hooks
     runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
 
       - name: Set up Python 3.12
         uses: actions/setup-python@v6

.github/workflows/pre-commit.yml

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ jobs:
     name: Run pre-commit
     runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v5
     - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
       with:
         python-version: 3.12

.pre-commit-config.yaml

@@ -3,14 +3,14 @@
 
 repos:
   - repo: https://github.com/astral-sh/ruff-pre-commit
-    rev: v0.14.6
+    rev: v0.14.5
     hooks:
       - id: ruff
         args: ["--output-format=full"]
       - id: ruff-format
 
   - repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
-    rev: v6.0.0
+    rev: v5.0.0
     hooks:
       - id: check-merge-conflict
       - id: end-of-file-fixer

docs/changelog.rst

@@ -7,21 +7,9 @@ For a full list of triaged issues, bugs and PRs and what release they are target
 
 All help in providing PRs to close out bug issues is appreciated. Even if that is providing a repo that fully replicates issues. We have very generous contributors that have added these to bug issues which meant another contributor picked up the bug and closed it out.
 
--  8.0.0
-    - BREAKING: Drop support for Python 3.9 (major version bump) - thanks @jairhenrique
-    - BREAKING: Drop support for urllib3 < 2 - fixes CVE warnings from urllib3 1.x (#926, #880) - thanks @jairhenrique
-    - New feature: ``drop_unused_requests`` option to remove unused interactions from cassettes (#763) - thanks @danielnsilva
-    - Rewrite httpx support to patch httpcore instead of httpx (#943) - thanks @seowalex
-        - Fixes ``httpx.ResponseNotRead`` exceptions (#832, #834)
-        - Fixes ``KeyError: 'follow_redirects'`` (#945)
-        - Adds support for custom httpx transports
-    - Fix HTTPS proxy handling - proxy address no longer ends up in cassette URIs (#809, #914) - thanks @alga
-    - Fix ``iscoroutinefunction`` deprecation warning on Python 3.14 - thanks @kloczek
-    - Only log message if response is appended - thanks @talfus-laddus
-    - Optimize urllib.parse calls - thanks @Martin-Brunthaler
-    - Fix CI for Ubuntu 24.04 - thanks @hartwork
-    - Various CI improvements: migrate to uv, update GitHub Actions - thanks @jairhenrique
-    - Various linting and test improvements - thanks @jairhenrique and @hartwork
+- Unreleased
+    - Drop support for Python 3.9
+    - Drop support for urllib3 < 2
 
 -  7.0.0
     - Drop support for python 3.8 (major version bump) - thanks @jairhenrique

docs/installation.rst

@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ The following HTTP libraries are supported:
 -  ``urllib2``
 -  ``urllib3``
 -  ``httpx``
--  ``httpcore``
 
 Speed
 -----

setup.py

@@ -38,7 +38,6 @@ extras_require = {
         "boto3",
         "cryptography",
         "httpbin",
-        "httpcore",
         "httplib2",
         "httpx",
         "pycurl; platform_python_implementation !='PyPy'",

tests/integration/test_aiohttp.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import io
 import logging
 import ssl
 import urllib.parse
@@ -463,19 +462,3 @@ def test_filter_query_parameters(tmpdir, httpbin):
         cassette_content = f.read()
         assert "password" not in cassette_content
         assert "secret" not in cassette_content
-
-
-@pytest.mark.online
-def test_use_cassette_with_io(tmpdir, caplog, httpbin):
-    url = httpbin.url + "/post"
-
-    # test without cassettes
-    data = io.BytesIO(b"hello")
-    _, response_json = request("POST", url, output="json", data=data)
-    assert response_json["data"] == "hello"
-
-    # test with cassettes
-    data = io.BytesIO(b"hello")
-    with vcr.use_cassette(str(tmpdir.join("post.yaml"))):
-        _, response_json = request("POST", url, output="json", data=data)
-        assert response_json["data"] == "hello"

tests/integration/test_filter.py

@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ from urllib.request import Request, urlopen
 import pytest
 
 import vcr
-from vcr.filters import brotli
 
 from ..assertions import assert_cassette_has_one_response, assert_is_json_bytes
 
@@ -139,22 +138,6 @@ def test_decompress_deflate(tmpdir, httpbin):
     assert_is_json_bytes(decoded_response)
 
 
-def test_decompress_brotli(tmpdir, httpbin):
-    if brotli is None:
-        # XXX: this is never true, because brotlipy is installed with "httpbin"
-        pytest.skip("Brotli is not installed")
-
-    url = httpbin.url + "/brotli"
-    request = Request(url, headers={"Accept-Encoding": ["gzip, deflate, br"]})
-    cass_file = str(tmpdir.join("brotli_response.yaml"))
-    with vcr.use_cassette(cass_file, decode_compressed_response=True):
-        urlopen(request)
-    with vcr.use_cassette(cass_file) as cass:
-        decoded_response = urlopen(url).read()
-        assert_cassette_has_one_response(cass)
-    assert_is_json_bytes(decoded_response)
-
-
 def test_decompress_regular(tmpdir, httpbin):
     """Test that it doesn't try to decompress content that isn't compressed"""
     url = httpbin.url + "/get"

vcr/__init__.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ from logging import NullHandler
 from .config import VCR
 from .record_mode import RecordMode as mode  # noqa: F401
 
-__version__ = "8.0.0"
+__version__ = "7.0.0"
 
 logging.getLogger(__name__).addHandler(NullHandler())
 

vcr/cassette.py

@@ -225,10 +225,10 @@ class Cassette:
 
     def append(self, request, response):
         """Add a request, response pair to this cassette"""
+        log.info("Appending request %s and response %s", request, response)
         request = self._before_record_request(request)
         if not request:
             return
-        log.info("Appending request %s and response %s", request, response)
         # Deepcopy is here because mutation of `response` will corrupt the
         # real response.
         response = copy.deepcopy(response)

vcr/filters.py

@@ -6,49 +6,6 @@ from urllib.parse import urlencode, urlparse, urlunparse
 
 from .util import CaseInsensitiveDict
 
-try:
-    # This supports both brotli & brotlipy packages
-    import brotli
-except ImportError:
-    try:
-        import brotlicffi as brotli
-    except ImportError:
-        brotli = None
-
-
-def decompress_deflate(body):
-    try:
-        return zlib.decompress(body)
-    except zlib.error:
-        # Assume the response was already decompressed
-        return body
-
-
-def decompress_gzip(body):
-    # To (de-)compress gzip format, use wbits = zlib.MAX_WBITS | 16.
-    try:
-        return zlib.decompress(body, zlib.MAX_WBITS | 16)
-    except zlib.error:
-        # Assume the response was already decompressed
-        return body
-
-
-AVAILABLE_DECOMPRESSORS = {
-    "deflate": decompress_deflate,
-    "gzip": decompress_gzip,
-}
-
-if brotli is not None:
-
-    def decompress_brotli(body):
-        try:
-            return brotli.decompress(body)
-        except brotli.error:
-            # Assume the response was already decompressed
-            return body
-
-    AVAILABLE_DECOMPRESSORS["br"] = decompress_brotli
-
 
 def replace_headers(request, replacements):
     """Replace headers in request according to replacements.
@@ -179,29 +136,44 @@ def remove_post_data_parameters(request, post_data_parameters_to_remove):
 
 def decode_response(response):
     """
-    If the response is compressed with any supported compression (gzip,
-    deflate, br if available):
+    If the response is compressed with gzip or deflate:
       1. decompress the response body
       2. delete the content-encoding header
       3. update content-length header to decompressed length
     """
 
+    def is_compressed(headers):
+        encoding = headers.get("content-encoding", [])
+        return encoding and encoding[0] in ("gzip", "deflate")
+
+    def decompress_body(body, encoding):
+        """Returns decompressed body according to encoding using zlib.
+        to (de-)compress gzip format, use wbits = zlib.MAX_WBITS | 16
+        """
+        if not body:
+            return ""
+        if encoding == "gzip":
+            try:
+                return zlib.decompress(body, zlib.MAX_WBITS | 16)
+            except zlib.error:
+                return body  # assumes that the data was already decompressed
+        else:  # encoding == 'deflate'
+            try:
+                return zlib.decompress(body)
+            except zlib.error:
+                return body  # assumes that the data was already decompressed
+
     # Deepcopy here in case `headers` contain objects that could
     # be mutated by a shallow copy and corrupt the real response.
     response = copy.deepcopy(response)
     headers = CaseInsensitiveDict(response["headers"])
-    content_encoding = headers.get("content-encoding")
-    if not content_encoding:
-        return response
-    decompressor = AVAILABLE_DECOMPRESSORS.get(content_encoding[0])
-    if not decompressor:
-        return response
-
-    headers["content-encoding"].remove(content_encoding[0])
+    if is_compressed(headers):
+        encoding = headers["content-encoding"][0]
+        headers["content-encoding"].remove(encoding)
         if not headers["content-encoding"]:
             del headers["content-encoding"]
 
-    new_body = decompressor(response["body"]["string"])
+        new_body = decompress_body(response["body"]["string"], encoding)
         response["body"]["string"] = new_body
         headers["content-length"] = [str(len(new_body))]
         response["headers"] = dict(headers)

vcr/patch.py

@@ -92,12 +92,12 @@ else:
 
 
 try:
-    import httpcore
+    import httpx
 except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
     pass
 else:
-    _HttpcoreConnectionPool_handle_request = httpcore.ConnectionPool.handle_request
-    _HttpcoreAsyncConnectionPool_handle_async_request = httpcore.AsyncConnectionPool.handle_async_request
+    _HttpxSyncClient_send_single_request = httpx.Client._send_single_request
+    _HttpxAsyncClient_send_single_request = httpx.AsyncClient._send_single_request
 
 
 class CassettePatcherBuilder:
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ class CassettePatcherBuilder:
             self._httplib2(),
             self._tornado(),
             self._aiohttp(),
-            self._httpcore(),
+            self._httpx(),
             self._build_patchers_from_mock_triples(self._cassette.custom_patches),
         )
 
@@ -304,22 +304,19 @@ class CassettePatcherBuilder:
             yield client.ClientSession, "_request", new_request
 
     @_build_patchers_from_mock_triples_decorator
-    def _httpcore(self):
+    def _httpx(self):
         try:
-            import httpcore
+            import httpx
         except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
             return
         else:
-            from .stubs.httpcore_stubs import vcr_handle_async_request, vcr_handle_request
+            from .stubs.httpx_stubs import async_vcr_send, sync_vcr_send
 
-            new_handle_async_request = vcr_handle_async_request(
-                self._cassette,
-                _HttpcoreAsyncConnectionPool_handle_async_request,
-            )
-            yield httpcore.AsyncConnectionPool, "handle_async_request", new_handle_async_request
+            new_async_client_send = async_vcr_send(self._cassette, _HttpxAsyncClient_send_single_request)
+            yield httpx.AsyncClient, "_send_single_request", new_async_client_send
 
-            new_handle_request = vcr_handle_request(self._cassette, _HttpcoreConnectionPool_handle_request)
-            yield httpcore.ConnectionPool, "handle_request", new_handle_request
+            new_sync_client_send = sync_vcr_send(self._cassette, _HttpxSyncClient_send_single_request)
+            yield httpx.Client, "_send_single_request", new_sync_client_send
 
     def _urllib3_patchers(self, cpool, conn, stubs):
         http_connection_remover = ConnectionRemover(

vcr/request.py

@@ -20,11 +20,6 @@ class Request:
         self._was_file = hasattr(body, "read")
         self._was_iter = _is_nonsequence_iterator(body)
         if self._was_file:
-            if hasattr(body, "tell"):
-                tell = body.tell()
-                self.body = body.read()
-                body.seek(tell)
-            else:
             self.body = body.read()
         elif self._was_iter:
             self.body = list(body)

vcr/stubs/httpcore_stubs.py

@@ -1,215 +0,0 @@
-import asyncio
-import functools
-import logging
-from collections import defaultdict
-from collections.abc import AsyncIterable, Iterable
-
-from httpcore import Response
-from httpcore._models import ByteStream
-
-from vcr.errors import CannotOverwriteExistingCassetteException
-from vcr.filters import decode_response
-from vcr.request import Request as VcrRequest
-from vcr.serializers.compat import convert_body_to_bytes
-
-_logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-
-async def _convert_byte_stream(stream):
-    if isinstance(stream, Iterable):
-        return list(stream)
-
-    if isinstance(stream, AsyncIterable):
-        return [part async for part in stream]
-
-    raise TypeError(
-        f"_convert_byte_stream: stream must be Iterable or AsyncIterable, got {type(stream).__name__}",
-    )
-
-
-def _serialize_headers(real_response):
-    """
-    Some headers can appear multiple times, like "Set-Cookie".
-    Therefore serialize every header key to a list of values.
-    """
-
-    headers = defaultdict(list)
-
-    for name, value in real_response.headers:
-        headers[name.decode("ascii")].append(value.decode("ascii"))
-
-    return dict(headers)
-
-
-async def _serialize_response(real_response):
-    # The reason_phrase may not exist
-    try:
-        reason_phrase = real_response.extensions["reason_phrase"].decode("ascii")
-    except KeyError:
-        reason_phrase = None
-
-    # Reading the response stream consumes the iterator, so we need to restore it afterwards
-    content = b"".join(await _convert_byte_stream(real_response.stream))
-    real_response.stream = ByteStream(content)
-
-    return {
-        "status": {"code": real_response.status, "message": reason_phrase},
-        "headers": _serialize_headers(real_response),
-        "body": {"string": content},
-    }
-
-
-def _deserialize_headers(headers):
-    """
-    httpcore accepts headers as list of tuples of header key and value.
-    """
-
-    return [
-        (name.encode("ascii"), value.encode("ascii")) for name, values in headers.items() for value in values
-    ]
-
-
-def _deserialize_response(vcr_response):
-    # Cassette format generated for HTTPX requests by older versions of
-    # vcrpy. We restructure the content to resemble what a regular
-    # cassette looks like.
-    if "status_code" in vcr_response:
-        vcr_response = decode_response(
-            convert_body_to_bytes(
-                {
-                    "headers": vcr_response["headers"],
-                    "body": {"string": vcr_response["content"]},
-                    "status": {"code": vcr_response["status_code"]},
-                },
-            ),
-        )
-        extensions = None
-    else:
-        extensions = (
-            {"reason_phrase": vcr_response["status"]["message"].encode("ascii")}
-            if vcr_response["status"]["message"]
-            else None
-        )
-
-    return Response(
-        vcr_response["status"]["code"],
-        headers=_deserialize_headers(vcr_response["headers"]),
-        content=vcr_response["body"]["string"],
-        extensions=extensions,
-    )
-
-
-async def _make_vcr_request(real_request):
-    # Reading the request stream consumes the iterator, so we need to restore it afterwards
-    body = b"".join(await _convert_byte_stream(real_request.stream))
-    real_request.stream = ByteStream(body)
-
-    uri = bytes(real_request.url).decode("ascii")
-
-    # As per HTTPX: If there are multiple headers with the same key, then we concatenate them with commas
-    headers = defaultdict(list)
-
-    for name, value in real_request.headers:
-        headers[name.decode("ascii")].append(value.decode("ascii"))
-
-    headers = {name: ", ".join(values) for name, values in headers.items()}
-
-    return VcrRequest(real_request.method.decode("ascii"), uri, body, headers)
-
-
-async def _vcr_request(cassette, real_request):
-    vcr_request = await _make_vcr_request(real_request)
-
-    if cassette.can_play_response_for(vcr_request):
-        return vcr_request, _play_responses(cassette, vcr_request)
-
-    if cassette.write_protected and cassette.filter_request(vcr_request):
-        raise CannotOverwriteExistingCassetteException(
-            cassette=cassette,
-            failed_request=vcr_request,
-        )
-
-    _logger.info("%s not in cassette, sending to real server", vcr_request)
-
-    return vcr_request, None
-
-
-async def _record_responses(cassette, vcr_request, real_response):
-    cassette.append(vcr_request, await _serialize_response(real_response))
-
-
-def _play_responses(cassette, vcr_request):
-    vcr_response = cassette.play_response(vcr_request)
-    real_response = _deserialize_response(vcr_response)
-
-    return real_response
-
-
-async def _vcr_handle_async_request(
-    cassette,
-    real_handle_async_request,
-    self,
-    real_request,
-):
-    vcr_request, vcr_response = await _vcr_request(cassette, real_request)
-
-    if vcr_response:
-        return vcr_response
-
-    real_response = await real_handle_async_request(self, real_request)
-    await _record_responses(cassette, vcr_request, real_response)
-
-    return real_response
-
-
-def vcr_handle_async_request(cassette, real_handle_async_request):
-    @functools.wraps(real_handle_async_request)
-    def _inner_handle_async_request(self, real_request):
-        return _vcr_handle_async_request(
-            cassette,
-            real_handle_async_request,
-            self,
-            real_request,
-        )
-
-    return _inner_handle_async_request
-
-
-def _run_async_function(sync_func, *args, **kwargs):
-    """
-    Safely run an asynchronous function from a synchronous context.
-    Handles both cases:
-    - An event loop is already running.
-    - No event loop exists yet.
-    """
-    try:
-        asyncio.get_running_loop()
-    except RuntimeError:
-        return asyncio.run(sync_func(*args, **kwargs))
-    else:
-        # If inside a running loop, create a task and wait for it
-        return asyncio.ensure_future(sync_func(*args, **kwargs))
-
-
-def _vcr_handle_request(cassette, real_handle_request, self, real_request):
-    vcr_request, vcr_response = _run_async_function(
-        _vcr_request,
-        cassette,
-        real_request,
-    )
-
-    if vcr_response:
-        return vcr_response
-
-    real_response = real_handle_request(self, real_request)
-    _run_async_function(_record_responses, cassette, vcr_request, real_response)
-
-    return real_response
-
-
-def vcr_handle_request(cassette, real_handle_request):
-    @functools.wraps(real_handle_request)
-    def _inner_handle_request(self, real_request):
-        return _vcr_handle_request(cassette, real_handle_request, self, real_request)
-
-    return _inner_handle_request

vcr/stubs/httpx_stubs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+import asyncio
+import functools
+import inspect
+import logging
+from unittest.mock import MagicMock, patch
+
+import httpx
+
+from vcr.errors import CannotOverwriteExistingCassetteException
+from vcr.filters import decode_response
+from vcr.request import Request as VcrRequest
+from vcr.serializers.compat import convert_body_to_bytes
+
+_httpx_signature = inspect.signature(httpx.Client.request)
+
+try:
+    HTTPX_REDIRECT_PARAM = _httpx_signature.parameters["follow_redirects"]
+except KeyError:
+    HTTPX_REDIRECT_PARAM = _httpx_signature.parameters["allow_redirects"]
+
+
+_logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+def _transform_headers(httpx_response):
+    """
+    Some headers can appear multiple times, like "Set-Cookie".
+    Therefore transform to every header key to list of values.
+    """
+
+    out = {}
+    for key, var in httpx_response.headers.raw:
+        decoded_key = key.decode("utf-8")
+        out.setdefault(decoded_key, [])
+        out[decoded_key].append(var.decode("utf-8"))
+    return out
+
+
+async def _to_serialized_response(resp, aread):
+    # The content shouldn't already have been read in by HTTPX.
+    assert not hasattr(resp, "_decoder")
+
+    # Retrieve the content, but without decoding it.
+    with patch.dict(resp.headers, {"Content-Encoding": ""}):
+        if aread:
+            await resp.aread()
+        else:
+            resp.read()
+
+    result = {
+        "status": {"code": resp.status_code, "message": resp.reason_phrase},
+        "headers": _transform_headers(resp),
+        "body": {"string": resp.content},
+    }
+
+    # As the content wasn't decoded, we restore the response to a state which
+    # will be capable of decoding the content for the consumer.
+    del resp._decoder
+    resp._content = resp._get_content_decoder().decode(resp.content)
+    return result
+
+
+def _from_serialized_headers(headers):
+    """
+    httpx accepts headers as list of tuples of header key and value.
+    """
+
+    header_list = []
+    for key, values in headers.items():
+        for v in values:
+            header_list.append((key, v))
+    return header_list
+
+
+@patch("httpx.Response.close", MagicMock())
+@patch("httpx.Response.read", MagicMock())
+def _from_serialized_response(request, serialized_response, history=None):
+    # Cassette format generated for HTTPX requests by older versions of
+    # vcrpy. We restructure the content to resemble what a regular
+    # cassette looks like.
+    if "status_code" in serialized_response:
+        serialized_response = decode_response(
+            convert_body_to_bytes(
+                {
+                    "headers": serialized_response["headers"],
+                    "body": {"string": serialized_response["content"]},
+                    "status": {"code": serialized_response["status_code"]},
+                },
+            ),
+        )
+        extensions = None
+    else:
+        extensions = {"reason_phrase": serialized_response["status"]["message"].encode()}
+
+    response = httpx.Response(
+        status_code=serialized_response["status"]["code"],
+        request=request,
+        headers=_from_serialized_headers(serialized_response["headers"]),
+        content=serialized_response["body"]["string"],
+        history=history or [],
+        extensions=extensions,
+    )
+
+    return response
+
+
+def _make_vcr_request(httpx_request, **kwargs):
+    body = httpx_request.read().decode("utf-8")
+    uri = str(httpx_request.url)
+    headers = dict(httpx_request.headers)
+    return VcrRequest(httpx_request.method, uri, body, headers)
+
+
+def _shared_vcr_send(cassette, real_send, *args, **kwargs):
+    real_request = args[1]
+
+    vcr_request = _make_vcr_request(real_request, **kwargs)
+
+    if cassette.can_play_response_for(vcr_request):
+        return vcr_request, _play_responses(cassette, real_request, vcr_request, args[0], kwargs)
+
+    if cassette.write_protected and cassette.filter_request(vcr_request):
+        raise CannotOverwriteExistingCassetteException(cassette=cassette, failed_request=vcr_request)
+
+    _logger.info("%s not in cassette, sending to real server", vcr_request)
+    return vcr_request, None
+
+
+async def _record_responses(cassette, vcr_request, real_response, aread):
+    for past_real_response in real_response.history:
+        past_vcr_request = _make_vcr_request(past_real_response.request)
+        cassette.append(past_vcr_request, await _to_serialized_response(past_real_response, aread))
+
+    if real_response.history:
+        # If there was a redirection keep we want the request which will hold the
+        # final redirect value
+        vcr_request = _make_vcr_request(real_response.request)
+
+    cassette.append(vcr_request, await _to_serialized_response(real_response, aread))
+    return real_response
+
+
+def _play_responses(cassette, request, vcr_request, client, kwargs):
+    vcr_response = cassette.play_response(vcr_request)
+    response = _from_serialized_response(request, vcr_response)
+    return response
+
+
+async def _async_vcr_send(cassette, real_send, *args, **kwargs):
+    vcr_request, response = _shared_vcr_send(cassette, real_send, *args, **kwargs)
+    if response:
+        # add cookies from response to session cookie store
+        args[0].cookies.extract_cookies(response)
+        return response
+
+    real_response = await real_send(*args, **kwargs)
+    await _record_responses(cassette, vcr_request, real_response, aread=True)
+    return real_response
+
+
+def async_vcr_send(cassette, real_send):
+    @functools.wraps(real_send)
+    def _inner_send(*args, **kwargs):
+        return _async_vcr_send(cassette, real_send, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    return _inner_send
+
+
+def _run_async_function(sync_func, *args, **kwargs):
+    """
+    Safely run an asynchronous function from a synchronous context.
+    Handles both cases:
+    - An event loop is already running.
+    - No event loop exists yet.
+    """
+    try:
+        asyncio.get_running_loop()
+    except RuntimeError:
+        return asyncio.run(sync_func(*args, **kwargs))
+    else:
+        # If inside a running loop, create a task and wait for it
+        return asyncio.ensure_future(sync_func(*args, **kwargs))
+
+
+def _sync_vcr_send(cassette, real_send, *args, **kwargs):
+    vcr_request, response = _shared_vcr_send(cassette, real_send, *args, **kwargs)
+    if response:
+        # add cookies from response to session cookie store
+        args[0].cookies.extract_cookies(response)
+        return response
+
+    real_response = real_send(*args, **kwargs)
+    _run_async_function(_record_responses, cassette, vcr_request, real_response, aread=False)
+    return real_response
+
+
+def sync_vcr_send(cassette, real_send):
+    @functools.wraps(real_send)
+    def _inner_send(*args, **kwargs):
+        return _sync_vcr_send(cassette, real_send, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    return _inner_send